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'via Blog this'
(It's very scary. Then again, these kinds of families often become obsolete due to the insulated craziness which they harbor. Their insanity becomes too hard to hide and people get sick of their shit, usually after a gazillion people die. )
Nationality | American |
|---|---|
| Political party | Republican |
Prescott Sheldon Bush (May 15, 1895 – October 8, 1972) was a Wall Street executive banker and a United States Senator, representing Connecticutfrom 1952 until January 1963. He was the father of George H. W. Bush (41st President of the United States) and the grandfather of George W. Bush (43rd President of the United States) andJeb Bush (43rd Governor of Florida).
Yale University is an American private Ivy Leagueresearch university located in New Haven,Connecticut. Founded in 1701 in the Colony of Connecticut, the university is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States.
Incorporated as the "Collegiate School," the institution traces its roots to 17th-century clergymen who sought to establish a college to train clergy and political leaders for the colony.
(When church and state fuse, nothing good comes of it)
In 1718, the College was renamed "Yale College" to honor a gift from Elihu Yale, a governor of theBritish East India Company.
The East India Company traded mainly in cotton,silk, indigo dye, salt, saltpetre, tea and opium. The Company was granted a Royal Charter in 1600,[2]making it the oldest among several similarly formed European East India Companies. Shares of the company were owned by wealthy merchants and aristocrats. The government owned no shares and had only indirect control. The Company eventually came to rule large areas of India with its own private army, exercising military power and assuming administrative functions
Saltpetre (I thought that was used in prisons to make men NOT WANT SEX....ooooh, that explains how the Republicans can preach agains sex. Kidding.)
Salt makes food taste good, tea has caffeine and is addictive, opium is addictive. So...
The use of opium by the Sumarians dates back as far as 3500 BC (5500 years). It is known that they used opium medicinally. Some contend that it was not used recreationally. This is highly unlikely, however; the Sumarian name for the opium poppy is hul gil, which means "joy plant". Plus their use and export of alcohol indicates that recreational use of drugs was as important to the people of that time as it is today.
Opium Moves West
Thanks to the trading ties of the Sumarians with their neighbors, the secret of opium--how to produce it--eventually traveled westward. By 1300 BC, the Egyptians were cultivating poppies for the production of opium. The opium they produced was an extremely popular commodity; they traded it as far away as Greece and even central Europe.
The Greeks
The first mention of opium by the Greeks was made around 330 BC by Hippocrates--the father of medicine. He wrote about opium's usefulness in curing a number of diseases, especially diarrhea.
Later, around 150 BC, another Greek physician--Galen--took up opium as a kind of cause. Even though he is credited with writing the first description of an opium overdose, he still advocated its use for a number of medical purposes.
Dioscorides made the last real Greek investigation of opium in the first century AD. His analysis is as valid today as it was then. He noted that it was highly effective at relieving nausea, diarrhea, and insomnia. He even noted its use as an aphrodisiac.
It was only after opium was being produced in the west--Egypt and Europe--that it was exported to the Far East.
Persia
At around 330 BC, Alexander the Great introduced opium to Persia.
China
It was much later that opium finally arrived in China--700 years later. It came by way of Arab traders, but the opium itself came from Egypt.
It was the Dutch who began the practice of combining opium with tobacco and smoking it in a pipe around 1500.
Laudanum
Around the same time as the Dutch began smoking opium, Laudanum was invented. This was in 1527. Although laudanum can contain many different ingredients, it is--in its most basic form--opium dissolved in alcohol.
Laudanum is important in the history of opium because users in the West most often used opium in that form for the next 400 years.
China Opium Import
Over the next few centuries we see an increase in the export of opium from Europe into China. This was due largely because Asia had many commodities that Europeans wanted but the Europeans had little the Asians wanted. The thing the British most wanted from China was tea. About the only thing the Chinese did want from the Europeans was opium. The Chinese grew their own opium poppies, of course. But they were not very successful at it. As a result, they did not produce nearly enough opium to satisfy their own market. In addition, the opium they did produce was of a low quality that was little coveted.
England Takes Over
Even though the Portuguese and Dutch had been big exporters of opium to China, by 1800 England had a near monopoly on opium exported to the region. The East India Company was responsible for this export, but they were so involved with the British government by the time of the Opium Wars, that it doesn't make sense to talk about the opium traders as anything but "England".
Opium Wars
The Chinese government had made opium illegal in 1796. For the 40 years following the enactment of the law, the government did nothing much to enforce it. When the government did finally try to enforce the opium ban, it led to the two Opium Wars, although in fact they are pretty much just one war with a long cease-fire in the middle.
The Facts
The facts are that the Chinese government was concerned about one thing: its large trade deficit with England. No country likes to have large trade deficits, because it means that the wealth of the country is being moved to another country--especially when exchanged for an ephemeral product like food or drugs. It is true that the Chinese government made opium smoking illegal much earlier than the 1796 law. This was based mostly on hysteria--"Opium smoking makes the face shrivel up"--and the government did nothing to actually stop opium from coming into the country, until it became economically unpleasant to lose so much of the country's wealth. During all this time, the Chinese government had no problem with the use of the poor quality opium that China was producing.
Chinese wanted opium; England was just selling it to them
The first Opium War started due to the seizure of 95 tons of opium from British merchant ships. In effect, China was simply enforcing a law that it had created but not enforced for almost 50 years. Just the same, it looked very much like simple theft given the English had been doing this business for the previous 50 years.
Opium Use In China
The end result of the two Opium Wars was that the Chinese people were allowed to buy good quality, opium, imported from India.
As soon as China became involved in global legal commerce, the opium started flowing in and the addicts started piling up.
The opium addiction rates for modern Iran--the highest per capita opium users in the world--at the time they were deciding to dismantle their "opium dealers get death" program because it didn't work, was right at 2.8%--very close to the Chinese peak, when opium was freely available. If opium use as medicine is included, this number is certainly higher than 3.4%.
Addiction
Especially when talking about opium and its related drugs, there is a strong tendency to make the unstated assumption that addiction--in and of itself--is harmful. This assumption is simply untrue. Addiction is not necessarily harmful. This is especially true when the drug in question is legal, readily available, and cheap. Under such circumstances, addicts are usually able to lead normal and productive lives. For example, caffeine causes little harm to the hundreds of millions of people throughout the world who are addicted to it.
Chinese immigrants who helped build the intercontinental railroad where known for their high level of productivity and their high level of opium use. Their opium use allowed them to bear the physical pain and mental boredom of the job. But it is likely that the high level of opium consumption was a result of these difficult aspects of the job.
Meanwhile, Back in the Laboratory
While all of the political machinations were ensuing in Asia, Friedrich Setuerner was doing work in his laboratory that would change the world forever. He isolated the drug found in highest abundance in opium: morphine--named after Morpheus, the Greek god of sleep. It turns out that morphine is also responsible for the majority of the opium effect--especially for the euphoria and the "dream like" state it creates in the user.
The Science of Racism: Eugenics
At the local level, opium was banned because of its association with the Chinese. In fact, many of the early laws banned opium use by the Chinese; whites were exempt. This kind of racism was also responsible for much of the global pressure to make drugs illegal: the Eugenics movement.
The idea behind this movement was to make human bloodlines stronger by, among other measures, keeping them free of impurities. The banning of drugs was supposed to create better humans because drugs "dirtied" the body and the soul. Eugenicists thus saw the phrase "cleanliness is next to Godliness" as discouraging the listener from soiling his body with alcohol and other "polutants"--not as encouraging regular bathing.
A big part of this "pollution" existed because different races inter-bred. The global Eugenics movement gave us the Nazis, the Drug War, and Narcotics Anonymous where people proudly announce how long their bodies have been "clean". Very few NA members know with what they are allied. But the Nazis knew very well; Hitler was favorably inclined towards the United States largely because of the history of the Eugenics movement there.
(Ironically, I believe that started in New Jersey, the dirtiest, most known for being corrupt state, which is chock full of interracial couples. Sometimes Karma rocks.)
A common message found in Nazi concentration camps at the beginning of World War II proclaimed, "There is a road to freedom. Its milestones are Obedience, Endeavor, Honesty, Order, Cleanliness, Sobriety, Truthfulness, Sacrifice, and love of the Fatherland." It was signed "Adolf Hitler", but it could just as easily have come from any modern day politician: John F. Kennedy or Ronald Reagan. The radical ideals of the Eugenics movement are now accepted facts. George Orwell put it most bluntly: "Freedom is slavery".
The Eugenics Movement saw its greatest triumph in the creation of drug laws that had not existed outside of religious rule. It basically stopped the use of opium anywhere except right near the source. But the ban did not work in the way the idealists had wanted. Since opium was now illegal, it became important for distributors to increase the potency of what they were distributing--out went opium and in came heroin.
(so since we know eugenics is bullshit and it did not work it would be a great time to legalize opium so people could stop shooting up heroin and eating peoples faces on bathsalts-still not confirmed.)
Misguided Government Regulation
So the governments of the world, in trying to solve one problem, created a much bigger problem. Today, there are more addicts as a percent. Since they inject their drugs, there are more sudden deaths. In addition, there are more diseases spread and more deaths associated with them. Finally, since the cost is high, many addicts resort to crime to acquire the money they need to buy their drugs. The laws the governments make continue to be more of the same--making bad problems worse. And there is no public acknowledgement of this. In fact, it is worse than that.
Inverted Catch-22
Government agencies are in a position to grow regardless of their success or failure. If drug use goes up, they make the argument that they need more resources to fight the drug problem because it is getting worse. If drug use goes down, they make the argument that they are doing a great job and would do even better if they were given more resources. "Paid if they do, paid if they don't."
Opium and all the drugs that have been derived from it are the most important pain relievers in existence. For good and for bad, opium continues to have a profound effect on the cultures of the world.
what else did East India aka England import?
Saltpetre:
Potassium nitrate is a chemical compound with theformula KNO3. It is an ionic salt of potassium ionsK+ and nitrate ions NO3−.
It occurs as a mineral niter and is a natural solid source of nitrogen. Potassium nitrate is one of several nitrogen-containing compounds collectively referred to as saltpeter.
Major uses of potassium nitrate are in fertilizers,food additive, rocket propellants and fireworks; it is one of the constituents of gunpowder.
'The Book of Military Horsemanship and Ingenious War Devices'). In this book, al-Rammah describes first the purification of barud (crude saltpetre mineral) by boiling it with minimal water and using only the hot solution, then the use of potassium carbonate (in the form of wood ashes) to remove calcium and magnesium by precipation of their carbonates from this solution, leaving a solution of purified potassium nitrate, which could then be dried.[2] This was used for the manufacture of gunpowder and explosive devices.
(It seems to be made from piss.)
From 1903 until the World War I era, potassium nitrate for black powder and fertilizer was produced on an industrial scale from nitric acid produced via the Birkeland–Eyde process, which used an electric arc to oxidize nitrogen from the air. During World War I the newly industrialized Haber process (1913) was combined with the Ostwald process after 1915, allowing Germany to produce nitric acid for the war after being cut off from its supplies of mineral sodium nitrates from Chile (see nitratite). The Haber process catalyzes ammonia production from atmospheric nitrogen, and industrially produced hydrogen. From the end of World War I until today, practically all organic nitrates have been produced from nitric acid from the oxidation of ammonia in this way. Some sodium nitrate is still mined industrially. Almost all potassium nitrate, now used only as a fine chemical, is produced from basic potassium salts and nitric acid.
An alternative way of producing potassium nitrate without a by-product of ammonia is to combineammonium nitrate and potassium chloride, easily obtained as a sodium-free salt substitute.
(The kind we eat if we have a bad heart?)
Potassium nitrate is mainly used in fertilizers, as a source of nitrogen and potassium – two of themacronutrients for plants. When used by itself, it has an NPK rating of 13-0-44.
(If this is the same as saltpeter, and gets into plants, would that mess with your hormones?)
It is also used in fireworks such as smoke bombs, made with a mixture of sucroseand potassium nitrate.[12] It is also added to pre-rolled cigarettes to maintain an even burn of the tobacco[13] and is used to ensure complete combustion of paper cartridges for cap and ball revolvers.[14]
[edit]
Food preservation
In the process of food preservation, potassium nitrate has been a common ingredient of salted meat since the Middle Ages,[15] but its use has been mostly discontinued due to inconsistent results compared to more modern nitrate and nitrite compounds. Even so, saltpeter is still used in some food applications, such as charcuterie and the brine used to make corned beef.[16] Sodium nitrate (andnitrite) have mostly supplanted potassium nitrate's culinary usage, as they are more reliable in preventing bacterial infection than saltpetre. All three give cured salami and corned beef their characteristic pink hue. When used as a food additive in the European Union,[17] the compound is referred to as E252; it is also approved for use as a food additive in the USA[18] and Australia and New Zealand[19] (where it is listed under its INS number 252).
(I don't think people know saltpetre and nitrates are one and the same.)
[edit]
Other uses
- as the main solid particle component of condensed aerosol fire suppression systems. When burned with the free radicals of a fire's flame, it produces potassium carbonate.
- as the main component (usually about 98%) of some tree stump remover products. It accelerates the natural decomposition of the stump by supplying nitrogen for the fungi attacking the wood of the stump.[20]
- for the heat treatment of metals as a solvent in the post-wash. The oxidizing, water solubility and low cost make it an ideal short-term rust inhibitor.
- also used as mango flower inducer in the Philippines.
- as a thermal storage medium. Sodium and potassium nitrate salts are stored in molten state with the solar energy collected by the heliostats at the GEMASOLAR Thermosolar Plant in Spain. Ternary salts, with the addition of calcium nitrate or lithium nitrate, improve the heat storage capacity in the molten salts[21]
Pharmacology
- Used in some toothpastes for sensitive teeth.[22] Recently, the use of potassium nitrate intoothpastes for treating sensitive teeth has increased and it may be an effective treatment.[23][24]
- Used in some toothpastes to relieve asthma symptoms.[citation needed]
- Used historically to treat asthma as well as arthritis.[citation needed]
- Combats high blood pressure and was once used as a hypotensive.
Potassium nitrate was once thought to induce impotence, and is still falsely rumored to be in institutional food (such as military fare) as an anaphrodisiac; however, there is no scientific evidence for such properties.
(People who eat a lot of garbage and drink a lot have no sex drives, though, so there's some evidence right there.)
As the nineteenth century progressed into the twentieth, demand for nitrate fertilizers increased dramatically. Many countries experimented with methods of converting atmospheric nitrogen. All processes seemed expensive and complex. The outbreak of World War I drove the United States to attempt its own synthetic production by 1917. In preparation, a hydroelectric dam was built at Muscle Shoals, Alabama. Soon after, the process introduced in Germany by Fritz Haber in 1912 proved its superiority and the power plant was abandoned. In the 1930s, it became the foundation of the Tennessee Valley Authority.
Nitrates have become an environmental concern. Elevated levels of nitrogen flowing down the Mississippi River enter the Gulf of Mexico and nourish algal blooms. When algae die and decompose, they consume oxygen, depleting that vital element from the water. Fish and other creatures suffocate in affected areas that can cover thousands of square miles, causing problems for commercial fishing and other coastal industries. Sources of the nitrogen include sewage treatment water, industrial wastes, and atmospheric pollutants; large loads also come from livestock operations and nitrate fertilizer runoff from farm-land. Nitrates infiltrate ground water as well as surface waters.
According to the Environmental Protection Agency, when nitrates are present in quantities in excess of ten milligrams per liter, the water supply can pose a potentially fatal threat to infants under six months and to young and pregnant animals.
Sodium nitrate
...It is converted (processed?) into sodium nitrite during the preserving process, and is commonly used in commercially cured meats such as bacon, ham, hot dogs, lunch meat, corned beef and smoked fish. Sodium nitrate is still used in traditional preparations such as country ham. Neither sodium nitrate or nitrite have been shown to be carcinogenic; sodium nitrite can form into cancer-causing nitrosamines, but this is prevented by adding ascorbic or erythorbic acid.
(Vitamin C?
What side effects can this medication cause?
Ascorbic acid may cause side effects. Tell your doctor if either of these symptoms is severe or does not go away:
- diarrhea
- upset stomach
Erythorbic acid - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythorbic_acid
Erythorbic acid, formerly known as isoascorbic acid and D-araboascorbic acid, is a stereoisomer of ascorbic acid (vitamin C). It is a vegetable-derived food--So anything with nitrates that does not contain vitamin C will cause cancer? and that's why we should take vitamin C and other antioxidents to try to prevent cancer. I have veered far from my original subject, Prescott Bush, who went to a school which might be the original cause of not only a lot of death via the gunpowder relationship but also the nitrate in food relationship. just saying. It's funny how one thing leads to another like that.
Effects of erythorbic acid on vitamin C metabolism in young women
www.ajcn.org/content/64/3/336
by HE Sauberlich - 1996 - Cited by 13 - Related articlesErythorbic acid, an epimer of L-ascorbic acid, is used in the United States as a food additive. Studies were conducted to determine whether the ingestion of...
Abstract
Erythorbic acid, an epimer of L-ascorbic acid, is used in the United States as a food additive. Studies were conducted to determine whether the ingestion of erythorbic acid in the diet had any beneficial or adverse effects on the human requirement for vitamin C. Young women were fed diets that contained controlled amounts of erythorbic acid and ascorbic acid. In pharmacokinetic evaluations, erythorbic acid and ascorbic acid were rapidly absorbed with little interaction. Erythorbic acid cleared from the body more rapidly than ascorbic acid. Some subjects received diets deficient in vitamin C for periods < or = 30 d. Increasing intakes of erythorbic acid or prolonged intakes of < or = 1 g erythorbic acid/d did not indicate any interactions with ascorbic acid. Consumption of erythorbic acid resulted in the presence of erythorbic acid in mononuclear leukocytes.
(I don't know what that means but I don't like the sound of it and the bottom line here is: I am done with bacon. That's sucks, too, because after reading, "Why We get Fat" I have recently begun to enjoy all manner of previously shunned foods with no seemingly ill effects, but if bacon has nitrates then it either causes problems or contains one of these acids...okay I will look up "leukocite"-
White blood cells, or leukocytes (also spelled "leucocytes"; from the Greek word leuko- meaning "white"), are cells of the immune system involved in defending the body against both infectious disease and foreign materials...
So what if these acids are in your leukocites?
I am not a scientist so i don't know, but whatever. Read it and decide for yourself. I don't want anything to do with anything that sounds like leukemia.
The word Leukemia comes from the Greek leukos which means "white" and aima which means "blood". It iscancer of the blood or bone marrow (which produces blood cells). A person who has leukemia suffers from an abnormal production of blood cells, generally leukocytes (white blood cells).
The DNA of immature blood cells, mainly white cells, becomes damaged in some way. This abnormality causes the blood cells to grow and divide chaotically. Normal blood cells die after a while and are replaced by new cells which are produced in the bone marrow. The abnormal blood cells do not die so easily, and accumulate, occupying more and more space. As more and more space is occupied by these faulty blood cells there is less and less space for the normal cells - and the sufferer becomes ill. Quite simply, the bad cells crowd out the good cells in the blood.
White blood cells (lymphocytes), red blood cells and platelets are produced in the red marrow. Red blood cells carry oxygen, white blood cells fight diseases. Platelets are essential for blood clotting. Yellow marrow can be found in the inside of the middle section of long bones.
Experts divide leukemia into four large groups, each of which can be Acute, which is a rapidly progressing disease that results in the accumulation of immature, useless cells in the marrow and blood, or Chronic, which progresses more slowly and allows more mature, useful cells to be made. In other words,acute leukemia crowds out the good cells more quickly than chronic leukemia.
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) - This is most common among adults over 55, although younger adults can get it as well. CLL hardly ever affects children. The majority of patients with CLL are men, over 60%. 75% of treated CLL patients survive for over five years. Experts say CLL is incurable. A more aggressive form of CLL is B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia.
Symptoms of leukemia
Blood clotting is poor - As immature white blood cells crowd out blood platelets, which are crucial for blood clotting, the patient may bruise or bleed easily and heal slowly - he may also develop petechiae (a small red to purple spot on the body, caused by a minor hemorrhage).What causes leukemia?
Benzene and some petrochemicals
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Benzene has been classified as a Class A carcinogenic by the Environmental Protection Agency. This is a chemical that also occurs naturally in the environment, but the major threat from this chemical comes from Benzene that is used in a range of manmade products.
This means that most people are exposed to this chemical is some form or another every day of our lives.
There are a number of sources of benzene exposure, and these include products such as solvents, detergents, plastics, synthetic fibers, dyes, rubber, resins, paint, and many other items.
- Artificial ionizing radiation
- Viruses - HTLV-1 (human T-lymphotropic virus) and HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)
Alkylating chemotherapy agents used in previous cancers- Maternal fetal transmission (rare)
- Hair dyes
Certain chemicals in hair dyes are known animal carcinogens. Darker, more permanent, and earlier dye formulations may be more carcinogenic than other dye types. For 769 adult acute leukemia cases and 623 population-based controls in a US and Canadian case-control study in 1986–1989, the authors asked separately about use of permanent and nonpermanent (semipermanent and temporary) hair dye use. Use was reported by 45% of women and 6% of men.
- Genetic predisposition - some studies researching family history and looking at twins have indicated that some people have a higher risk of developing leukemia because of a single gene or multiple genes.
- Down syndrome - people with Down syndrome have a significantly higher risk of developing leukemia, compared to people who do not have Down syndrome. Experts say that because of this, people with certain chromosomal abnormalities may have a higher risk.
- Electromagnetic energy - studies indicate there is not enough evidence to show that ELF magnetic (not electric) fields that exist currently might cause leukemia. The IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) says that studies which indicate there is a risk tend to be biased and unreliable.
Major End Use Products, Petrochemical:
According to the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society, there were approximately 13,410 new cases of AML (2007), 5,200 new cases of ACL (2007), 4,570 cases of CML (2007), and 15,110 new cases of CLL (2008) diagnosed in the USA. |
okay...anyway. No more bacon.
LEAFY AND ROOT VEGETABLES
The FDA strictly regulates the amounts of sodium nitrate and nitrite in cured meats, in addition to testing foods such as bacon for nitrosamines. According to the University of Minnesota Extension, vegetables actually account for 90 percent of nitrate intake. Leafy and root vegetables like spinach, beets, radishes, celery and cabbage naturally contain high levels of nitrates that partly convert to nitrites in digestion. Nitrates in vegetables are generally not a concern for adults, but vegetables high in nitrates can cause methemoglobinemia -- a potentially fatal condition in which hemoglobin can't carry oxygen -- in infants, particularly those under six months old.
(So don't give your infant any spinach.)
DRINKING WATER
Drinking water from private wells may contain high enough levels of nitrates to cause methemoglobinemia in infants and children, according to the International Programme on Chemical Safety. The IPCS warns against preparing baby food using water high in nitrates.
(Try breastfeeding.)
HOME CURING PRODUCTS
Sodium nitrate and nitrite are sold for home curing use, to be used in very small quantities. According to the National Center for Home Preservation, they should be used with care to prevent accidental poisoning.
(Fun tip for sociopaths and psychopaths.)
Ascorbic acid concentrations in these cells were not affected by the presence of erythorbic acid. Erythorbic acid disappeared quickly from these cells with cessation of erythorbic acid supplements. Prolonged ingestion of erythrobic acid by young women neither antagonized nor spared their vitamin C status.
Where were we before we were derailed by cancer...?
Cotton - we know that history. Which remains a sucky business:
Child and forced labor in Uzbekistan's silk industry has been overshadowed by the attention focused on the country's cotton sector, since silk is a much smaller export earner in comparison. But the recent reports of exploitation reveal that the government of Uzbekistan continues to use its control of land and export companies to trap farmers in a cycle of poverty and dependence that leads to the widespread abuse of worker rights. Despite Uzbekistan's decision to ratify the international conventions related to eradicating the worst forms of child labor, the government's policies continue to facilitate egregious labor rights abuses while officials simultaneously deny the exploitation.
Many of us have heard about the fabled silk road that dates back to B.C. and connected trade routes across Asia to Europe and Northern Africa. In Uzbekistan, farmers who produce silk have followed a long road of exploitation that continues today.
Similar to the country's lucrative cotton industry, the trade in Uzbek silk is controlled by the state. The government dictates what farmers will grow and buys directly from farmers to export their crops. Farmers are required to meetproduction quotas for their silk or they could face fines, loss of their land leases, or even violence. Payment is often delayed and the wages are too low for families to make a fair living -- even while the state companies that export the silk earn eight times as much as the farmers. The type of production mostly widely used in Uzbekistan is the old-fashioned method of using silkworms, which is an extremely exacting and labor-intensive process. As a result of the painstaking work and the high quotas, farmers are forced to use the labor of their children.
(Big surprise.)
Indigo dye is an organic compound with a distinctive blue color (see indigo). Historically, indigo was a natural dye extracted from plants, and this process was important economically because blue dyes were once rare. Nearly all indigo dyeproduced today — several thousand tons each year — is synthetic. It is the blue of blue jeans.
The primary use for indigo is as a dye for cotton yarn, which is mainly for the production of denim cloth for blue jeans. On average, a pair of blue jean trousers requires 3 – 12 g of indigo. Small amounts are used for dyeing wool and silk.
It is also used as a food colorant, and is listed in the USA as FD&C Blue No. 2, and in the European Union as E Number E132.
(Fuck eating dye. That should be ILLEGAL!!!)
Cultivation
The demand for indigo in the 19th century is indicated by the fact that in 1897, 7000 square kilometers were dedicated to the cultivation of indican-producing plants, mainly in India. By comparison, the country of Luxembourg consists of 2,586 square kilometers.[1]
In literature, the play Nildarpan by Dinabandhu Mitra is based on the indigo slavery and forceful cultivation of indigo in India. It played an essential part in the Bengali indigo revolt of 1858 calledNilbidraha.
The Romans used indigo as a pigment for painting and for medicinal and cosmetic purposes. It was a luxury item imported to the Mediterranean from India by Arab merchants.
In 1897, 19,000 tons of indigo were produced from plant sources. Largely due to advances in organic chemistry, production by natural sources dropped to 1000 tons by 1914 and continued to contract. These advances can be traced to 1865 when the German chemistAdolf von Baeyer began working on the synthesis of indigo. He described his first synthesis of indigo in 1878 (from isatin) and a second synthesis in 1880 (from 2-nitrobenzaldehyde). The synthesis of indigo remained impractical, so the search for alternative starting materials at BASF and Hoechst continued. The synthesis of N-(2-carboxyphenyl)glycine from the easy to obtainaniline provided a new and economically attractive route. BASF developed a commercially feasible manufacturing process that was in use by 1897. In 2002, 17,000 tons of synthetic indigo were produced worldwide.
BASF SE is the largest diversified chemical company in the world and is headquartered inLudwigshafen, Germany.[2] BASF originally stood for Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik (English: Baden Aniline and Soda Factory). Today, the four letters are a registered trademark and the company is listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange, London Stock Exchange, and Zurich Stock Exchange. The company delisted its ADRfrom the New York Stock Exchange in September 2007.
Why?
Eggert Voscherau (Chairmanof the supervisory board), Kurt Bock (CEO and Chairman of the executive board) | |
| Products | Chemicals, plastics, performance chemicals,catalysts, coatings, crop technology, crude oil andnatural gas exploration and production |
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The BASF Group comprises subsidiaries and joint ventures in more than 80 countries and operates six integrated production sites and 390 other production sites in Europe, Asia, Australia,Americas and Africa.[3] Its headquarters is located in Ludwigshafen am Rhein (Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany). BASF has customers in over 200 countries and supplies products to a wide variety of industries. Despite its size and global presence BASF receives little public attention as it abandoned consumer product lines in the 90s.
other side of the Rhine river at Ludwigshafen because the town council of Mannheim was afraid that the air pollution of the chemical plant could bother the inhabitants of the town.
The development of the Haber process from 1908 to 1912 made it possible to synthesize ammonia(a major industrial chemical as the primary source of nitrogen), and, after acquiring exclusive rights to the process, in 1913 BASF started a new production plant in Oppau, adding fertilizers to its product range. BASF also acquired and began mining anhydrite for gypsum at the Kohnstein in 1917.[5]
IG Farben
As a result of this monopoly, BASF was able to start operations at a new site in Leuna in 1916, whereexplosives were produced during the First World War. On September 21, 1921, an explosion occurred in Oppau, killing 565 people. The Oppau explosion was the biggest catastrophe in German industrial history. Under the leadership of Carl Bosch, BASF founded IG Farben with Hoechst,Bayer, and three other companies, thus losing its independence. BASF was the nominal survivor, as all shares were exchanged for BASF shares prior to the merger. Rubber, fuels, and coatings were added to the product range. Following the appointment of Adolf Hitler as Chancellor in 1933, IG Farben cooperated with the Nazi regime, profiting from guaranteed volumes and prices, and from the slave labor provided by the government's concentration camps. IG Farben also achieved notoriety owing to its production of Zyklon-B, the lethal gas used in Nazi extermination camps.
(More slave labor. So the Yale is basically funded, originally, by slave labor. But it's a school to teach clergy? Why?)
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