Critique of Pure Reason - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Critique of Pure Reason - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia:

'via Blog this'The Critique of Pure Reason (German: Kritik der reinen Vernunft) by Immanuel Kant, first published in 1781, second edition 1787, is one of the most influential works in the history of philosophy.^[1] Also referred to as Kant's "first critique," it was followed in 1788 by the Critique of Practical Reason and in 1790 by the Critique of Judgment. In the preface to the first edition Kant explains what he means by a critique of pure reason: "I do not mean by this a critique of books and systems, but of the faculty of reason in general, in respect of all knowledge after which it may striveindependently of all experience."

Before Kant, it was generally held that a priori knowledge must be analytic, meaning that what is stated in the predicate must already be present in the subject and therefore be independent of experience (for example, "An intelligent man is intelligent" or "An intelligent man is a man"). In either case, the judgment is analytic because it is arrived at by analyzing the subject. It was thought that all certain a priori judgments are of this kind: that in all of them there is a predicate that is only part of the subject of which it is asserted. If this were so, attempting to deny anything that could be known a priori (for example, "An intelligent man is not intelligent" or "An intelligent man is not a man") would involve a contradiction. It was therefore thought that theLaw of contradiction is sufficient to establish all a prioriknowledge.^[2]

The Aristotelean philosophers distinguished two kinds of judgments:

1) Synthetic judgment.- Judgments that are based on a synthesis or putting together of different facts of experience and are therefore considered to be a posteriori. For example, "... The phases of the moon are visible after dark."

2) Analytic judgment.- Judgments that are based exclusively upon an analysis of the subject without recourse to experience and are therefore considered to be a priori. For example, "... A right line is straight."

Kant is not entirely satisfied with these conclusions and argues that there are synthetic judgments a priori such as those of mathematics. Aristoteleans would argue that such judgments are really analytic.^[3]